Srivijaya Empires
In
the 7th century and 8th between India and China are interwoven
relationships are crowded. Hungan is not solely in the areas of trade,
but also in science and Buddhism. Between the years of 618 to 907 AD,
China ruled by Tang, was in India in the 7th century reign of King
Harçha were being tolerant of Buddhism. Then at the time that many
travellers and Monks from China who make a pilgrimage to the Holy places
of Buddhism in India.
In the mid-7th
century this grew and developed into an important port on the banks of
the waters of the straits of malacca, an important traffic vein between
India and china. For several centuries, the kingdom was held the
hegemony of the ocean. Srivijaya was arguably the center of trade and
the centre of buddhism in southeast asia. Buddhism in srivijaya times
was mahayana buddhism to understand sanskrit.
Between
ad 850 until early abad 13, royal sriwijaya ruled by the family of
syailendra dynasty who have ruled in mataram, central java. Between ad
for 75 years in charge of mataram, the family syailendra many of
erecting buildings lustral buddhist temple. Sriwijaya then expands your
dominion to the Southern Thai now called Suratani and Pattani. The
temples made by srivijaya there among other vihara mahadhatu in jaiya
and vihara mahadhatu in nakorn si thamarat until now still exists and a
building form, for statues - Buddhist statues and the Bodhisattva
similar to that was found in java.
Attisa, a very popular Monk from Tibet
that rebuilding Buddhism in the country has ever come to Sumatra and
lived there from the year 1011-1023. He studied under the guidance of
Dharmakirti, a leading Monks in an age of Srivijaya. based on a
biography entry in writing Attisa in Tibet, Sumatra was the center of
Buddhism, the main being Bhiksu Dharmakirti was a major scholar of that
era. The arrival of the dharmaduta to Indonesia prompted a lot of people
go on pilgrimage to India to visit the Holy places and Buddhist centers
like Nalanda University and others. After returning to Indonesia they
established temples of various shapes and sizes.
Srivijaya
was expected to be centered around Palembang. Not much remains of the
Temple found in Sumatra. There is a group of Muaro Jambi Temple (in
Jambi), Muara Takus Temple (in Riau) and the Gunung Tua Temple, inclined
to mahayana buddhism. In palembang ('Telaga Batu') many obtained rocks
that reads ' siddhayatra ' meaning Holy trip that was successful, and on
the Siguntang Hill found the great statues of buddha, the work of 6th century.
The
earliest information about the existence of Buddhism in Java and
Sumatra were obtained from a Chinese traveler named Fah-Hien, who upon
his return from Ceylon to China in 414 was forced to land in the country
named Ye-Po-Ti as his ship was damaged. Now is not very clear whether
Ye-Po-Ti it Java or Sumatra. Some experts say that Ye-Po-Ti is a Java
Island (Javadvipa). Fah-Hien mentioned in Buddhist Ye-Po-Ti, although
only slightly. However, after the fifth century it is unlikely that
things are changing. It was not until three hundred years later, at the
end of the seventh century, Chinese Buddhist monk I-tsing records with
complete Buddhism and its application in India and Malay. Its main
attraction is the ' home of Buddhism ' North India where I-tsing resided
and attended there for more than ten years. From his notes can be said
that Buddhism in India and Sumatra have much in common, where I-tsing
also found the distinction between Buddhism in China and in India.
I-tsing
spent time living alone as a Buddhist monk in India and Sumatra. The
whole book is a complete record of the life of the monks. He lives in
India is entirely based on the rules of the vinaya. Compared notes
Fah-Hien in 414 with notes of I-tsing, can be drawn the conclusion that
the Buddhist in Java and Sumatra had been built very quickly. The work
of I-tsing also write notes as expressed above, he also wrote a book
about the journey of a famous religious teachers who went to the land to
the West (Srivijaya?). She says in his note, the life of a monk who in
essence are almost the same as in India. In his book it is said that the
original Java and Sumatra Monks is a very good sanskrit scholars. One
of saatunya is Jnanabhadra which is the Original Java people who live in
Sumatra and acted as tutor to China and help translate Buddhist sutras
into Chinese. The language used by Buddhist monks is the language of
sanskrit. Pali is not used. However this should not be made a rule of
thumb that Buddhism that developed here is Mahayana.
I-tsing
explains in his book, embraced Buddhism throughout this country and
most of the system adopted is Hīnayāna, except where there is little in
the Malay who adopted Mahayana Buddhism, widely known to the public that
speak sanskrit Buddhist literature not always mean the Mahayana.
This
is a form of Buddhism that reach the Islands in the South seas. I-tsing
says at the Islands in the South seas, Mulasarvastivadanikayo almost
universally in the adaptation. I-tsing doesn't seem to make the
difference between the adherents of the Hinayana and Mahayana. He said:
those who worship the Bodhisatta and reading mahayana sutras are known
adherents of Mahayana Buddhism. While not referred to adherents of the
Hinayana. Both of these systems in accordance with the teachings of
Dhamma. Can we tell which is right? Both teach virtue and guide us to
Nirvana. The two leads to the destruction of lust and salvation of all
sentient life. We should not care about these differences. create doubts
in fact will create confusion.
From
his works can be said that I-tsing is not too in Buddhist philosophy in
matters of cope but only interested in the life of the monks and the
tasks that the election was by them. In other words, he gave all his
time to learning and the life of the monks rules (vinaya). As mentioned
above , in sumatra and java more growing hinayana buddhism. I tsing
telling that in the malay, middle east coast of sumatra others who
adheres to mahayana buddhism. From other sources explained that before
the arrival of I tsing, have come from india dharmapala monk, to the
malays and spread the flow of mahayana buddhism. the early 20th century,
two stele found near palembang south sumatera inclined to mahayana
buddhism. Stele other made in 775, found in viengsa, the malay peninsula
adduce that one of the King of Sriwijaya - that not only rule in south
sumatra but also around the south of the malay peninsula - ordered the
construction of three effigies. the third effigies offered to buddha,
vajrapani bodhisatwa, and avalokitesvara. and other place found plate
gold which said some Dhyani Buddha's name; which of course is the flow
of mahayana buddhism.
From
the news I-tsing's next we can take the conclusion that at that time
Srivijaya became a centre of Buddhism. There is a college that didn't
lose by Buddhist College in Nalanda India. There are more than 1000
Buddhist monks who are teaching as well as the ceremony is similar to
that existing in India. Except for the followers of the Hinayana,
Mahayana, there is a follower of Srivijaya. There is even a teacher
teaching in Mahayana. From this news is clearly that of Srivijaya was
central to Mahayana Buddhism, which is open to new ideas and are also
happy to hold a scientific work. Therefore the Chinese traveller who
wants to study in India must stop over in South Sumatera, to make
preparations. It is also done by I-tsing.
Presumably
then Mahayana is a growing and influential. This is evident from the
inscriptions collected around Palembang that mention that the daputa
hyang-perhaps the Prime Minister-trying to find the blessings and
supernatural powers in order to establish the Kingdom of Srivijaya, so
that all beings are able to enjoy it. From the expressions to be used,
can be drawn the conclusion that this ceremony is an ancient ceremony of
indonesia in accordance with the teachings of the Mahayana. From other
news stories, it is clear that Mahayanalah is the boss at the time. Not
even just that alone, perhaps the influence of tantra, which in India is
affecting Buddhism since the middle of the seventh century, is also
found in South Sumatera. It is obtained from the explanation that one of
the highest level to get the wisdom is vajrasarira, body armor
(diamonds) are reminded to teaching wajrayana. All this shows that at
the beginning still exist close links between Indonesia and India. This
relationship seemed are more and more substractive.
Kingdoms in East Java
In
East Java, presumably to Buddhism and religious Shiva coexist. It
appears from inscriptions where mPu Sindok referred to with the title
Sri Isana (Shiva) while his daughter was married to Brihaspati is also
called Sugatapaksa (Buddhist). Also discovered the influence of tantra
on both of these religions are strong enough. From existing literature,
the literature was obtained that terkuno compiled in such a way, to
consist of verses in Sanskrit language, followed by a description of the
encyclopedia in old Javanese. From here it looks that the passages were
derived from India. In the next development was the book consists of
verses in old Javanese and interspersed stanza from the Sanskrit
language. This shows the relationship with India already loose. Finally
there is the book which is entirely made up of old Javanese, only
sometimes contained interludes in the Sanskrit language. At the time of
these two books outlining the Mahayana, namely ' Mantrayana ' which
Kamahayan trance dance contains
the teachings of the Buddhist monks who were being ordained, and '
Sanghyang Kamahayanikan ' which contains a collection of teaching how
one can achieve kele pasan. Principal teachings in Sanghyang
Kamahayanikan is indicates that the form of various kinds of release
form is essentially the same. For authors is not too difficult Sanghyang
Kamahayanikan to identify Shiva with Buddha and call it ' Shiva-Buddha
', not to mention Shiva or Buddha, but Shiva-Buddha as one God.
Coexistence
of the acculturation of culture resulted in blurring the original form
and expression of Buddhism. In Kingdoms era, can be inferred that this
era is the era where the Syncretism has already reached its peak.
Presumably the flow of Shiva, Vishnu and Buddha can live together. All
three are seen as a form of an assortment of the same truth. Shiva and
Vishnu are considered equal in value and they are described as the
statue of 'Harihara' half Shiva and half Vishnu. Shiva and Buddha are
seen together. For example, King Vishnuvardhana (from Singasari) who
died in 1268 was worshipped as a Shiva in Waleri temple and Amoghapaça
Buddha on Jago Temple. Kertanegara glorified as Shiva and Buddha in the
Jawi temple and his wife as Jina and Locana in Sagala as well as
Bhairawa in Singosari Temple.
In
the days, Shiva or Buddha is one of the aspects of a single religion,
which is Java (so as not to compete). In the book of the Arjunawijaya
for example is told that when the Arjunawijaya entered a Buddhist
temple, the monk explained that the Jina of the corners of nature
depicted on the sculptures it is tantamount to the incarnation of Shiva.
Vairocana is equal to Sadasiwa who occupied the central place. Aksobya
equal to Rudra, who occupied the East. Ratna sambhawa together with
Brahma which occupied South, Amitabha is similar to the West and
Mahadeva occupies the same Amogasiddhi with Vishnu to occupy the North.
Therefore the monk says there is no difference between Buddhism with
Shiva. In the book of 'Kunjarakarna' mentioned that no one, either
followers of Shiva and Buddha could have let slip if she separates the
real one, namely Shiva-Buddha.
We
had the impression that at the time of Buddhism more evolved from
Shiva. This is seen from the book of Sutasoma (compared by Mpu
Tantular), States that the Buddha was none other than the
Brahma-Vishnu-Isvara, the Hindu Trimurti. In fact, Shiva and Buddha is
One (Siwa Buddha bhinneka tunggal ika tan hana dharma mangrwa). This
book telling about anger Kalarudra who was about to kill Sutasoma, an
avatar of the Buddha. The gods tried to defuse the Kalarudra by
reminding that actually Buddha and Shiva indistinguishable. Jinatwa
(substance of Buddha) is the same as Siwatattwa (substance of Shiva).
Furthermore it is recommended that people pondering the
Shiva-Buddha-Shiva tattwa, substance-Buddha.
This
seems too the story of Bubuksah is also depicted in the Panataran
Temple. Two older brothers named Gagang Aking (followers of Shiva) and
Bubuksah (followers of Buddha), since young life as a hermit on Mount
Wilis. Bubuksah eat everything edible while the butt of Aking take
vegetables only. They argue about two Hermitage. Then God sent the
Scorpion to master in the form of white tiger Wijaya to test both the
boy. When White Tiger comes to the hilt Aking, he adviced so just go his
brother because his body is fat. When the Tiger comes in Bubuksah, he
deliberately handle him for the course, so that he might escape from
this mortal world. From here it is clear that Bubuksah was a follower of
the Buddhist scriptures he is not even in the hard ascetic practice. He
got a place in heaven. This story reveals a polemic, which indicates
the primacy of Buddhism. However the story is depicted in Panataran
Temple. from this increasingly clear that the elements indonesia native
the fore which was expounded in the form of hinduism and buddhism.
At
the time of Majapahit (1293-1429) who have the spirit of the Bhinneka
Tunggal Ika, Shiva does not mingle in the whole Buddhist system, so that
more precise is called pararelism or coalition. In the book of
nagarakertagama mentioned that both remain separate, different
teachings, different priest and worship, even the built area is also
regulated. Reverend devotees Sugata (Buddha) stepped on the land west of
the island of Java because its inhabitants are not adherents of the
teachings of the buddha. There is an official who manages of Buddhism
(Kasogatan) and religion (Kasiwan). Gajah Mada's (the Prime Minister) is
Buddhists and the King embraced the Religion of Shiva.
Formally,
buddhism in nusantara perish together with the fall of the kingdom of
majapahit (1429) because the civil war and the appearance of the kingdom
of Islam. In the islamic rule not recorded the presence of life folk
buddhist religious. but does that still persist, at least in the
attitude life behavior, trust, inwardness, a penchant samadhi and
ascetic, known as kejawen.
Buddhist Literature in Indonesia
Based
on a legacies of the golden age of Buddhism during of the kingdoms era,
both in Java and Sumatra, can we conclude that at such times, the
development of Buddhism was rapidly once. Especially when we conducted
the study of Borobudur, which we admit is one of the wonders of the
world that can still be seen on this earth. At such times, Buddhist
literatures has grown very rapidly. A lot of literature is the work of
the Buddhist scholar in his era, i.e: Sanghyang Kamahayanikan, Sutasoma
and Kunjarakarna.
Buddhist Developments In The Present
“The
Mount Merapi will excite the lava be five hundred years from now
Buddhist teachings will return to the Archipelago”, then General
disappeared from the front of his enemies, after choosing to retain what
he believes, with only leaving a few lines of a prediction ...
In
1429, the Majapahit Kingdom came to an end. Then join the collapse also
pillars of Buddhism in the archipelago. The people who are loyal to
embrace the religion of Shiva-Buddha fled and assembled at various
places in East Java and Bali.
One
hundred fifty years an intermittent, the indonesian nation colonized by
netherlands. had come together the house of colonist, missionaires that
spread the christian. In addition, there s also dutch scholar who came ,
for the purposes of examines history and culture is a nation that was
colonized. The netherlands studies all of that , certainly with the
purpose to perpetuates mastery his people over a nation that Colonized.
The
teaching of spiritualism which is prominent among all these the dutch
people who had come to indonesia is what known as the association of
theosophy . the teaching of theosophy put pressure on the aspect of a
fraternity between humans, without distinguish race, nation, or
religious. So that there is also the indonesia educated who came to
being a member of the Theosophical Society. The Theosophical Society
formed a branch in Indonesia in 1883, when the arrival of H. P.
Blavatsky (one of the leaders and founders of the Theosophical Society).
The buddha's much-talked in Theosophical meeting and reintroduced
meetings through lectures and meditation guidance given at the
Theosophical branches in Jakarta, Medan, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya,
and others.
Traditionally,
Chinese tradition in Indonesia is mix of Buddhism, Confucianism and
Taoism. The Buddhst teaching is the Northern Buddhist tradition or
generally known as the Mahayana. The presence of Mahayana Buddhism in
most of the city can be traced to the growth of “kelenteng”[6]
(chinese temples). For example, the Shrine Jin de Yuan (now Dharma
Bhakti Monastery) which was founded in 1650, and not less 18 monks lived
there in the 18th century. In 1901, Most Ven. Pen Ching (Ben Lau Qing
He Shang), which became known as Aryamula, arrived in Indonesia and
providing religious services in the temples in a number of cities,
including Bandung, Cirebon, Karawang, and Semarang. He also founded the
Vihara Khong Hua Si in Jakarta. The Monks were merely providing rituals
services. Rarely reveals the Buddhist teachings in detail.
Buddhism
among bumiputeras (local) themselves at that time only a sporadic live
domestic tradition. The newspaper 'Sin Tit Po', published on 27 March
1935 announces that in Kampong Petenon, Surabaya, there are 1,500
Buddhists, there is also a group of residents who profess religion
buddha but no longer knew the teachings of the Buddha. Some are making
Buddhism as a part of Hinduism who embraced the concept of Shiva-Buddha,
the Buddha as an Avatar and contempt of Vishnu.
These
three groups of people (chinese, Theosophy, Bumiputra) above the root
of the birth of institutional Buddhism in Indonesia. In 1929, in jakarta
have formed an organization named Buddhist Association for the
Propagation of Buddhism in Java which is then converted into Java
Buddhists Association, led by Ernest Erle Power (Chairman) and Josiast
v. Dienst (Secretary). This organization is part of The Buddhists
International Mission centred on Thaton, Myanmar. Java Buddhists
Association oriented Theravada Buddhism, and print media named namo buddhaya
with Dutch-speaking. The arrival of Josias Priest revealing many
community leaders who pay attention to Buddhism. In the temple, while he
was discussing with monks, many figures who come to listen to temple.
Talks between the descendants of the Netherlands upasaka with the
figures temple revolves around the teachings of Buddhism and its
development in Java.
In
the 1920s appears one character named Tek Hoay Kwee, a merchant, a keen
writer and also a humanists. He also published the first magazine in
Indonesia contains the teachings of Buddhism, with the name Moestika
Dharma. The services Tech Hoay Kwee, established dialogue between
Josiast V. Dients and Ven. Lin Feng Fei, Abbot of the Kwan Im Tong
Temple, in Prinsenlaan (mangga besar), Jakarta. Dialogue that resulted
in an agreement that the temples as places of worship of Buddhists is
not only used as a place of worship, but also as a place to get a lesson
in Buddhism. As a follow up to the deal, Ven. Lin Feng Fei allow
Josiast give lectures on Buddhism in the Kwan Im Tong Temple. Then
Kongkoan (Chineesche Raad), a Councils that is organizing the temples in
Jakarta, allow all Josiast gave a talk at the temples around Jakarta.
On March 4th,
1934, Ven. Narada Thera, a Buddhist Missionaris (dhammaduta) of Sri
Lanka, came to Indonesia for the first time in the visit to Southeast
Asia, at the invitation of Ong Soe An (a prominent Theosophical from
Bandung). During his time in the island of Java, Ven. Narada Thera
visited Batavia, Buitenzorg (Bogor), Bandung, Yogyakarta and Solo. In a
five-city Ven. Narada Thera gave lectures about the teachings of
Buddhism. The coming of the monk Narada by activists of the Theosophical
utilized to broaden insights into Buddhist teachings. When they visit
Borobudur Temple, in Magelang, on 10 March 1934, the Ven. Narada Thera
blessed Bodhi Tree planting undertaken by the leaders of the
Theosophical Yogya, Mr. E. E. Power. After from Borobudur, in the
evening, Ven. Narada Thera ordain some upasaka in Yogya. Among them
there is a Javanese named Mangunkawatja.
In
that year also formed Java Buddhists Association Afdeeling Batavia
(Jakarta) by J.W. de Witt as a Chairman and his Secretary Dr. R. Ng.
Poerbatjaraka. Beside that is formed is also Java Buddhists Association
Afdeeling Buitenzorg (Bogor) under the leadership of A. Van der Velde
(Chairman) and Oeij Oen Ho (Secretary). Shortly thereafter, on May 10,
1934, Java Buddhists Association Afdeeling Batavia escape from the
Center of Java Buddhists Association and stands on its own under the
name Batavia Budhists Association led by Tek Hoay Kwee (Chairman) and
Ny. Tjoa Hin Hoey (Secretary). In the magazine Moestika Dharma, Tek Hoay
Kwee explains that this separation is not a solution but to be able to
move more freely. Batavia is the skew spread Buddhists inaugurated
Association Mahayana, differs from Java Buddhist Association that
spreading of the Theravada Buddhism. it also in 1934 formed a a central
organization named Central Buddhistische Institute Voor Java with
Magazine in the dutch called De Dharma In Nederlandsche Indie.
In
1935 Sam Kauw Hwee has established by Kwee Tek Hoay, i.e. local
organizations whose members consisted of Buddhists, Confucianism and
Taoism, with print media named Sam Kauw Goat Poo which Indonesian
Language. This Organization's goal is essentially to prevent the Chinese
people and Chinese ancestry to be adherents of other religions. During
the occupation of Japan, all activities of the Buddhist organization
stalled. Then in 1952, all Sam Kauw Hwee was activited back to combine themselves into a Association of Sam Kauw Hwee Indonesia (Gabungan Sam Kauw Hwee Indonesia - GSKI).
Revival of Buddhism after The Independence of Indonesia
The
revival of Buddhism and its practice as a distinct religion in the
Indonesian archipelago characterized by the solemnization of a waisak in
borobudur temple for the first time 1953 attended by 3000 a
participant, followed by the ambassador, and becomes headlines news in a
newspaper. It was largely initiated by one man named The Boan An. A
local Chinese he studied physics at Groningen in the Netherlands, but in
1953 he ordained as a novice in the Mahayana (c'han) tradition in Khong
Hua Si Temple in Jakarta named Ti Cheng. His preceptor recommended that
he further his studies in Myanmar and thus in the same year, he entered
the famous Sasana Yeiktha in Yangon, to practise satipatthana
meditation under Mahasi Sayadaw. In the following year he was ordained
as the bhikkhu Ashin Jinarakkhita, the first Indonesian bhikkhu in 500
years. In 1955 he returned to Java and energetically worked for the
reestablishment of Buddhist temples and monasteries. Largely as a result
of his work, Buddhist organizations were formed in many parts of the
country. With the background following the exercise in two tradition
(theravada and mahayana), Buddhists built does not care about the
difference of the sect. Although Most. Ven. Ashin Jinarakkhita teaches
more people read the paritta in the Pali tradition, chanting in sanskrta and chinese also introduced.
On Asalha 2499 or July 4th,
1955, Ven. Ashin jinarakkhita founded the Fellowship of Layman and
Laywomen Indonesia (Persaudaraan Upasaka-Upasika Indonesia - PUUI) in
Vihara Buddha Gaya, Watu Gong, Semarang. PUUI are the crucible or agency
for the monk helpmate, chaired by most upasaka Madhyantika. S.
Mangunkawatja. These institutions duty to help propogates buddhism,
because the monks that time had a little less .
In
1956 is the Buddhist world commemorates Buddha Jayanti, 2500 years
since the Buddha passing away (Mahaparinibbana). In Indonesia
commemorates Buddha Jayanti are marked with the spirit of revival of
Buddhism was ever buried under the ruins of the Majapahit Empire, which
was carried out with a warning of Vesak in Borobudur Temple.
Various
Buddhist organizations which is the civic and social organizations as
well as doing the development of Buddhist qualities of Buddhists. Among
they are:
1.Indonesian Tridharma Combine (Gabungan Tridharma Indonesia - GTI)
Gabungan
Tridharma Indonesia is a joint merging of some Sam Kauw Hwee (Chinese
Temple). Sam Kaw Hwee Indonesian Assembly joined with Thian Lie Hwee,
led by Ong Tiang Biaw (which later became Ven. Jinaputta) and combined
Khong Kauw Hwee Indonesia (GAPAKSI). The Worship of Sin Ming Hui (Social
Community of Candranaya) and Buddha Tengger, forming Combined Sam Kauw
Indonesia (GSKI) under Leadership of The Boan An as Chairman in 1953.
After The Boan An was ordained became Monk in 1954 in Burma with the
name Ashin Jinarakkhita. Chairman of GSKI switched to Drs. Khoe Soe
Khiam (Drs. Sasana Surya). In 1962, renamed as Gabungan Tri Dharma
Indonesia (GTI).
2.Indonesian Buddhist Association (Perhimpunan Buddhis Indonesia – PERBUDHI)
Some
Buddhists of the Javanese, including Sosro Utomo (Buddhist Tengger),
see that hard for people to remain merged with GTI. Therefore, for the
growth of a new organization which recommended form lets people join
Java. 1957 formed the Buddhist Union of Indonesia (PERBUDHI) with the
Chairman of the first Sosro Utomo. In its first Congress in 1958 it was
renamed the Buddhist Association of Indonesia (PERBUDHI) with the
Chairman Mr. Sariputra Sadono, and then successively as Chairman was
Col. Soemantri M.S. and Gen. Brigadir. A.A. Suraji Kertawijaya. Upper
effort of Ven. Jinarakkhita, Perbuddhi venture quickly grew and spread
outward Java Island. In Perbudhi there is a group that is Upasaka and
Upasika elite group in Perbudhi. This must be a member of the Group
perbudhi and bound in brotherhood called Fellowship of Indonesian Layman
and Laywomen (PUUI) which was formed in 1956 by the monk Jinarakkhita
and is supporting the Sangha and responsible to the Sangha Suci
Indonesia led by Ashin Jinarakkhita.
3.The Deliberations of All Indonesian Buddhists (Musyawarah Umat Buddha Seluruh Indonesia (MUBSI)
The
Deliberations of All Indonesian Buddhists (Musyawarah Umat Buddha
Seluruh Indonesia (MUBSI) was formed in 1962 by those who refused to
PUUI in the Perbuddhi led by Drs. Suharto Djojosumpeno from Yogya, who
last served as the staff at Lemhanas. They argued that the Organization
could not be Perbudhi wheel goes well because PUUI is not subject to the
decision of the Congress, but to the Sangha.
4.Buddhis Indonesia
In
1965 Perbudhi Semarang branch to break away from Perbudhi and formed
the Buddhis Indonesia in Vihara Tanah Putih, Semarang. Buddhist
Indonesia had the support of the various branches of Perbudhi in Central
Java and East Java and declared themselves to be branch of Buddhist
Indonesia. This is the initial split of serasian and personal problems
between the characters Busshid in Semarang, Central Java and the central
character of Buddhists, but as an excuse to get out of Perbudhi because
Perbudhi participate in the Conference of the World Fellowship of
Buddhists (WFB) in Bangkok in attendance are representatives from
Malaysia. At the time Indonesia was being argued with Malaysia.
5.Indonesian Buddhist Federation (Federasi Umat Buddha Indonesia)
In
July 1965, held a meeting between Buddhist organizations that exist to
create a foundation of unity and cooperation. The meeting was resumed
again in August and October 1966. At their meeting in February 1967
successfully formed the Federation of Buddhist Indonesia whose members
are: Buddhis Indonesia, Gabungan Tridharma Indonesia, Musyawarah Umat
Buddha Seluruh Indonesia, Agama Hindu-Buddha Tengger, and Agama Buddha
Wisnu Indonesia
Perbudhi
does not want to join the Federation of Buddhist Indonesia because
among members of the Federation of Buddhists this is Indonesia has
issued a joint statement which harms the Holy Perbudhi Sangha and
Indonesia. In the Maha Samaya II (PUUI Congress) held 16-18 March 1969
in Bandung, attended also by the Perbudhi and the Maha Sangha Indonesia,
formed the highest Assembly of the entire Buddhist Indonesia that
function sets the wisdom in religious and responsible to the Maha Sangha
Indonesia. Chairman of the House is Ven. Girirakkhito (Chairman) and
Gen. Suraji Aryakertawijaya (General Secretary).
To
prevent a split that is not widespread, on the initiative of General
Saparjo, conducted a meeting to hold deliberations. After several
meetings, on 26 May 1972 made the pledge in the temple to form a single
container Buddhists Indonesia. The pledge signed by: 1. Suryaputta Ks
Suratin (Buddhist Indonesia) 2. Bgen Sumantri MS (MUABI) 3. Brigjen
Suraji AriyaKertawijaya (Perbudhi) 4. Djoeri (MUSBI) 5. Drs. Sasana
Surya (GTI) 6. Soepangat Prawirokoesoemo SH (Salatiga Buddhist
Brotherhood). A single container that is melting all Buddhist
organizations and named Buddha Dharma Indonesia abbreviated BUDHI.
Beside that also formed The Buddha Dharma Indonesia whose members
consist of the leaders of Buddhism and Buddhist scholar from different
sects. This function sets the Assembly of religious wisdom.
So
much harmony, unity and unity still has yet to be realized, while the
conflict between the organization increasingly, on the basis that the
Hindu-Buddhist Customs Bimas conducted a meeting led by Buddhist
organizations and the Buddhist leaders in 1976 in Jakarta. In the
meeting it was realised that the Buddhist organizations have two forms
of activities, namely: the social aspect of civic and religious aspects
of life coaching are performed by the chaplain of the sect in question.
Under these circumstances sukarlah to form a single container for
Buddhists because each sect have traditions and religious ceremonies are
different to each other. Therefore these two aspects of the Buddhist
organization activities are separated and each is compiled in a single
Institution.
Social
aspects in a single container civic compiled non sektarial called the
combined Buddhist Whole Indonesia (GUBSI) under the leadership of r. Eko
Pratomo Bogdan Michka SH (Chairman) and Drs. Aggi Tjetje (General
Secretary). Spiritual aspect of being a Religious Assembly representing
Buddhist sect in existence. The field grew to be The spiritual Priest
BUDHI Buddha Dharma Indonesia (MAPANBUDHI) (October 3, 1976) is now an
Assembly of Buddhism Theravada Indonesia-Magabudhi. Of the group, named
the Assembly Chaplain Tridharma Tridharma se Indonesia - Martrisia
(December 17, 1977). in conjunction with the inception of the Sangha of
Mahayana Buddhism Indonesia appear Assembly Mahayana Indonesia -
Majabhumi (August 1978). Organization of Nichiren Syosyu Indonesia
(October 28th, 1964) became Nichiren Syosyu Buddhist Assembly of Indonesia (NSI).
Then
in the next meeting, set up Assembly of Buddhism in the form of the
Federation of Indonesia MABI. MUABI then resigned from MABI. It became
an Institution MUABI Dharmaduta Kasogatan Indonesia which eventually
became the Tribunal Dharmaduta Kasogatan Tantrayana Indonesia, a leading
by alm Sumarsono Giriputta and then Drs. Oka Diputhera. MUABI (after
Indonesian Buddhists) has been renamed The Indonesian Buddhayana Council
(MBI).
Development of the Sangha in Indonesia
1.Sangha Agung Indonesia
Indonesia
takes a lot of Monks. According to vinaya or regulation of the Sangha,
Vinaya or regulation, namely the upasampada or ordination of bhikkhu can
be done in terms of the most poorly attended by 5 senior biku. In 1959
Y.M. Bhikkhu Ashin Jinarakkhita Invited 13 bhikkhu from abroad, namely:
- 1.Y.M. Mahasi Sayadaw dari Birma.
- 2.Y.M. Somdach Choun Nath Mahathera dari Kamboja.
- 3.Y.M. Ung Mean Chanavanno Mahathera dari Kamboja.
- 4.Y.M. Piyadasi Mahathera dari Sri Lanka.
- 5.Y.M. Narada Mahathera dari Sri Lanka.
- 6.Y.M. Tudawe Arivawangsa Nayaka Thera dari Sri Lanka.
- 7.Y.M. Walane Satthisara Mahathera dari Sri Lanka.
- 8.Y.M. Kamburugamuwe Mahanama Mahathera dari Sri Lanka
- 9.Y.M. Ransegoda Sarapala Thera dari Sri Lanka.
- 10.Y.M. Phra Visal Samanagun dari Thailand.
- 11.Y.M. Phra Sumreng Arnuntho Thera dari Thailand.
- 12.Y.M. Phra Kru Champirat Threra dari Thailand.
- 13.Y.M. Phra Kaveevorayan dari Thailand.
The
invitation in order to form the Sangha Indonesia, through Sacred
ordination of monks Indonesia 3 candidates. Then the Ven. Ashin
Jinarakkhita also sent a wanna-be monk/nun ordination in Indonesia for
other overseas.
When it ordained is Ong Tiang Biauw is named Jinaputta[7].
There on 17 May 1959 Ong ordained samanera and next 5 days later
ordained bhikkhu at Watugong, Central Java. At the same time was also
Ktut Tangkas from Singaraja and Ki Sontomihardjo from Banyumas became a
samanera. The years of the next candidates biku and biksuni sent to
ordained abroad.
In
1959 by Bhikkhu Jinarakkhita established Sangha Indonesia consisting of
monks and being ordained samanera, which according to the Theravada.
Later changed to Sangha Suci Indonesia Indonesia in 1968 changed again
become Maha Sangha Indonesia which consists of the monks of Theravada
and Mahayana.
Bandung,
1969. For the benefit of the development of the Buddha Dharma in the
land of water, at the invitation of Ashin Jinarakkhita Mahathera of the
Maha Sangha Indonesia, in the Entourage of monks from Thailand.
Headed by Most Ven. Chao Kun Sasana Sobhana, abbot of the Wat
Bovoranives, Chao Kun Dhamma, Chairman of the Maha Sangha Indonesia Monk
Ashin Jinarakkkhita, Bhikkhu Khantipalo from United Kingdom (A few
years later the Most Ven. Chao Kun Sasana Sobhana who became Spiritual
Teacher of the King of Thailand, was appointed Sangharaja (Supreme
Patriach) Of Thailand). With the help of the ambassadors of the Dharma
(dhammaduta) Thailand, in 1970 at the celebrations of Vesak in Borobudur
held ordination Monks. Venerable Ashin Jinarakkhita gave up his murinya
who still takes its roots in traditional samanera Dhammayuttika
Monasteries of Wat Bovoranives Bangkok Most Ven. Chao Kun Sasana Sobhana
(now Sangharaja (supreme patriach) of Thailand). 5 people that ordain
is: Ven. Aggajinamitto, Ven. Uggadhammo,
Ven. Jinadhammo, Ven. Sirivijayo (disrobe), Ven. Saccamano (disrobe).
Because the Most. Ven. Chao Kun Sasana Sobhana must go back to Bangkok,
coaching young biku-biku submitted on Bhante Vidhurdhammabhorn (bhante
Vin) which then often are in Indonesia.
Divisions
and disputes among the Buddhists to 1969 are generally based on a
personal dispute. The split among the monks in the Maha Sangha Indonesia
characterized by the existence of differences in the understanding of
the Vinaya and Dharma. Some Theravada monk willed the monk did not
intervene on this split and stands alone as a role model. Because of
this attempt is not successful, then the monk went out of the Maha
Sangha Indonesia and formed a Sangha Indonesia on January 12, 1972.
Sangha Indonesia got support from organizations who gathered in the
Federation of Indonesia Buddhists and from another organization such as
Perbudhi and Buddhist Fellowship Salatiga[8].
On
January 14, 1974, on the initiative of the Hindu-Buddhist Societies
Guides Customs, held a meeting between Sangha Indonesia dan Maha Sangha
Indonesia. At the meeting, agreed to fused Sangha Indonesia dan Maha
Sangha Indonesia become Sangha Agung Indonesia and each monk will carry
out the Vinaya under each sect. Elected as Chairman Most Ven.
Jinarakkhita and his Deputy is Bhikkhu Jinapiya Thera. However, a
subsequent meeting to define among others the structure and functions of
the Organization of the Sangha Agung Indonesia never be implemented.
The consensus made on January 14, that cannot be realized.
The
Organization of Sangha Agung Indonesia at the present still exist with
the member of monks and nun from three traditions that is theravada,
mahayana, and tantrayana. Their member about 150 members all around if
Indonesia.
2.Sangha Theravada Indonesia
Sangha
Theravada Indonesia was form In 1976, separate from Sangha Agung
Indonesia. In the afternoon on October 23, 1976, housed in the Maha
Vihara Dhammaloka (now Vihara Tanah Putih), Semarang, initiated by some
Buddhist monks and devotees namely: Ven. Aggabalo, Ven. Khemasarano,
Ven. Sudhammo, Ven. Khemiyo, and Ven Nanavutto; Mr. Suratin MS., Mr.
Mochtar Rashid, and Mrs. Supangat, to the agreement to form Sangha
Theravada Indonesia [9].
3.Sangha Mahayana Indonesia
Similarly
in 1978 with a few Mahayanis monks in the Sangha Agung Indonesia
resigns and then formed a Sangha Mahayana Indonesia, Then, to unite the
Mahayana monks and bhiksuni in one container, they founded the Sangha
unity Mahayana Indonesia on September 10, 1978 in Buddha Murni Temple,
Medan, North Sumatra[10].
In
Indonesia there are thus three Sangha (Order): Sangha Agung Indonesia,
Sangha Theravada Indonesia and Sangha Mahayana Indonesia.
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