CO2 'significantly reduces' nutrients in major food crops
The nutrient content of major crops like wheat is likely to be reduced by rising temperatures
Rising levels of CO2 around the world will significantly impact the nutrient content of crops according to a new study.
The scientists say this could have health implications for billions of people, especially in the developing world.
The report has been published in the journal Nature.
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Dr Samuel Myers Harvard School of Public Health"It is possibly the most significant health threat that has been documented for climate change”
Researchers have struggled over
the past two decades to design large scale field trials to accurately
model the impacts of increased CO2 levels on the nutritional makeup of
crops.
Now an international team has put together a global analysis based on experiments in Japan, Australia and the US.They've grown 41 different varieties of grains and legumes in open fields, with levels of carbon dioxide expected in the middle of this century.
"It is possibly the most significant health threat that has been documented for climate change," said lead author Dr Samuel Myers from the Harvard School of Public Health.
"We found significant reductions in iron, zinc and protein in rice and wheat, and we found significant reductions in iron and zinc in soybeans and field peas as well," he said.
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Scale of the impacts
- CO2 levels of 546-568 parts per million would reduce nutrients in grains and legumes by the following amounts
- Wheat - zinc 9.3%, iron 5.1% and protein 6.3%
- Rice - zinc 3.3%, iron 5.2% and protein 7.8%
- Field Peas - zinc 6.8%, iron 4.1% and protein 2.1%
- Soybeans - zinc 5.1%, iron 4.1% and protein 4.6%
- No significant reductions in maize or sorghum
The researchers estimate that
these reductions of up to 10% could have major health implications for
millions of people around the world.
"We found that close to 2bn people are getting at least 70% of their iron and zinc from these grains and legumes. So reductions in those crops are potentially quite worrisome in terms of increasing those deficiencies," said Dr Myers.
Eating more food to make up for these reductions in nutrients would not be a good solution, he said.
"The problem with that is that if you eat 5-10% more calories every day it would be a matter of months before we were morbidly obese and bumping into issues around metabolic diseases."
Varieties of rice reacted differently to CO2, giving hope that new breeds can be developed that don't lose their nutrition
It had been thought that crops would substitute carbohydrates for nutrients as the gas increased. But the new research was inconsistent on this point.
Breeding difficulties
The authors did find that within some species such as rice, there are considerable differences in response to CO2 which gives them hope to overcome these reductions.
"What we speculate is that this could produce a basis for breeding programmes to produce rice that was less sensitive to CO2. We are not proving that this is possible but we are just saying there may be a genetic basis for doing it," said Dr Myers.
"These breeding programmes all sound good on paper but you can produce a cultivar and the yield is reduced or it just doesn't taste good. It's complicated."
The impact of carbon on nutrient levels is another blow to global food production.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), crop yields are also set to suffer as a result of rising temperatures.
Their recent summary on the impacts of global warming stated that the production of maize, wheat and rice will go down over the course of this century.
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27308720
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