Thousands of pupils are being wrongly labelled as having special educational needs when all they require is better teaching and support, Ofsted has said.
It said up to 25% of the 1.7m pupils in England with special needs would not be so labelled if schools focused more on teaching for all their children.The education standards watchdog said the term "special needs" was being used too widely.
The National Union of Teachers said such claims were "insulting and wrong".
More than a fifth of school-age students in England have been identified as having some form of special educational needs (SEN), which range from physical disabilities to emotional and behavioural problems.
The wide-ranging study was Ofsted's biggest yet into a system that some parents have complained draws them into long and difficult battles to secure effective support for their children.Inspectors visited 228 nurseries, schools and colleges in 22 local authorities, and carried out detailed case studies of 345 young people with disabilities and special educational needs.
Ofsted chief inspector Christine Gilbert said: "Although we saw some excellent support for children with special educational needs, and a huge investment of resources, overall there needs to be a shift in direction."
Please turn on JavaScript. Media requires JavaScript to play.Christine Grainger says her son Dean could not get the specialist teaching he needed
"We feel teachers and schools need to have more confidence themselves about looking at what are barriers to learning."
Some 54% of students with SEN - those with the least severe problems - are assessed by their schools, while the 2.7% with the most acute difficulties go through a complex process of assessment under their local authority to obtain a "statement" of their needs.
Ofsted's inspectors said the term SEN was used too widely and assessments varied widely in different areas.
Continue reading the main story
“Start Quote
End Quote Kevin Courtney National Union of TeachersThere is a real problem, if your class is big - 30 or 30+ children - then finding the time to give an individual child the attention they need is not easy”
They said schools should "stop identifying pupils as having SEN when they simply needed better teaching and pastoral support".
As many as half of all pupils identified for school action "would not be identified as having SEN if schools focused on teaching and learning for all", the report said.The report's author, Janet Thompson, said these cases included children whose general educational needs had not been identified early enough - such as children who struggled with reading and later developed behavioural difficulties as a result.
But, she said, there were also cases where schools had labelled students as having SEN - such as GCSE students becoming demotivated - when they just needed better support.
'Clogged system' The report said the system focused too much on statements of need and not enough on whether support services were actually producing real progress.
It also highlighted problems faced by students aged over 16 with SEN, for whom it said choice was limited.
While extra funding available in some areas for children with SEN offered an "obvious motivation" for schools to over-diagnose children, inspectors did not find evidence that this was taking place.
Ms Gilbert said that if SEN cases were over-identified, "the system becomes clogged" with pupils with less severe needs and "consumes vast amounts of time, energy, money and means that insufficient attention may be given to those with really more complex needs".
The National Union of Teachers, the largest teachers' union, said the report's findings were "insulting and wrong"
Deputy general secretary Kevin Courtney told the BBC the report overlooked the pressures on teachers, and was "softening up the public for cuts to SEN budgets".
"There is a real problem, if your class is big - 30 or 30+ children - then finding the time to give an individual child the attention they need is not easy," he said.
The second biggest teachers' union, the NASUWT, said it was "unacceptable to scapegoat teachers" for the variability in identifying and supporting children with SEN.
And the Association of Teachers and Lecturers said the report had overlooked factors such as school league tables "which put pressure on schools to narrow their curriculum and teach to the test", and teacher training, "which ill-prepares teachers for working with children with SEN and disabilities".
Inclusion policy Children's Minister Sarah Teather is calling for submissions for a Green Paper on overhauling SEN provision.
"Ofsted said the system at the moment isn't working and I think they're right," she told the BBC.
She said many parents felt they needed to battle the system to get the support their children needed.
However, the coalition's proposed "pupil premium" will target extra money at children from disadvantaged backgrounds, and should give schools more flexibility to offer more one-to-one support, she added.
The Labour government tried, under a policy of "inclusion", to place pupils with special educational needs in mainstream schools wherever possible.
The Conservative-Liberal Democrat government says, in its coalition agreement, that it will "prevent the unnecessary closure of special schools, and remove the bias towards inclusion".
The number of state and private special schools in England has fallen from 1,197 in 2000 to 1,054 in 2010.
Does your child have special needs? Or do you think your child has been wrongly identified as requiring special needs? Are you a teacher? What do you think about the report? You can send us your views and experiences using the form below.
It is in the interest both of teachers and parents to arrange for as many children as possible to be assessed with "special needs". Parents work the system by arranging for a private assessor to assess their normal child as in "special need". The child then is given an extra 25% of time in examinations and other extra help at school. The extra time and help can make the difference between an "A" and a lower grade.
Is anyone asking how many people reach school leaving age who were not statemented but should have. We experience a number of such cases per year. Often these are the children of the least able or articulate parents who have been unable to fully represent the interests of their child. Even people with autism can remain undiagnosed. OFSTED should have given more consideration to this.
Our son was put on the school's special needs list to the shock of ourselves and other parents. It turns out that his teacher was regularly putting boys on the register because she couldn't cope very well with the antics of 5 year old boys. It took us over a year to get him off the list, despite his subsequent teacher saying that he clearly exhibited no signs of special needs.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11287193